Insulin resistance by the triglyceride-glucose index in a rural Brazilian population

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) in a rural population in Brazil, to verify its association with sociodemographic, labor, lifestyle, and health factors. Subjects and methods: This is a cross-sectional study with 790 farmers in the state of Espírito Santo/Brazil. Triglyceride-glucose (TyG) was calculated and a cut-off point of Ln 4.52 was used. A hierarchical logistic regression for the association of insulin resistance with sociodemographic, labor, lifestyle and health variables of farmers living in Espírito Santo was performed. Results: The prevalence of insulin resistance was 33.7% (n = 266), and the association with insulin resistance was found in the age group 31 to 40 years of age (OR = 1.85; 95% CI 1.19-2.87); in smokers or former smokers (OR = 1.63; 95% CI 1.08-2.48) and overweight (OR = 3.06; 95% CI 2.22-4.23). Conclusion: The prevalence of insulin resistance was high in a rural population of Brazil, and was mainly associated with age, smoking and obesity. The use of TyG as an instrument for assessing the health of individuals living in areas where access to health services is difficult, such as rural areas, can represent an important advance in terms of health promotion, protection and recovery. In addition, by identifying the risk factors associated with IR, as well as their consequences, a more adequate scheme for the prevention and treatment of these comorbidities can be defined.

Cut Points of the Conicity Index and Associated Factors in Brazilian Rural Workers.

(1) Background: Metabolic syndrome is associated with cardiovascular complications. Therefore, this study aims to establish cut points for the conicity index based on the components of metabolic syndrome and to associate it with characteristic sociodemographic, food consumption and occupational factors in Brazilian rural workers; (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out with farmers. The receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated and the cut-off points for the conicity index were identified by the area under the curve, sensitivity and specificity. The variables included in the binary logistic regression analysis were selected by considering p < 0.20 in the bivariate test; (3) Results: The cut points were similar in females according to both criteria, resulting in a single cut-off of 1.269. In males, the cut points showed differences, resulting in 1.272 according to the NCEP-ATP III and 1.252 according to the IDF. We have shown that younger people, those who work more than 40 h a week and the lowest contribution of culinary ingredients are associated with increased odds of abdominal obesity, while the consumption of the products they sell or produce decreases these chances; (4) Conclusions: The conicity index showed high discriminatory power for the identification of abdominal obesity in rural workers. Therefore, there is a need to improve eating habits and promote healthier eating environments for individuals, respecting traditional food culture, mainly to contain the advance of MS in rural areas.

Prevalência de uso de medicamentos em população rural brasileira / Prevalence of medication use in a rural Brazilian population

Resumo Introdução Apesar da vulnerabilidade social existente na população rural brasileira, o uso de medicamentos entre agricultores é um tema ainda pouco estudado no país. Objetivo Analisar o uso de medicamentos e sua associação com características sociodemográficas, laborais, comportamentais e autoavaliação do estado de saúde em agricultores. Método Estudo epidemiológico transversal com 790 agricultores de 18 a 59 anos, de ambos os sexos, do município de Santa Maria de Jetibá. Os medicamentos foram agrupados segundo o Sistema de Classificação Anatômico-Terapêutico-Químico (ATC) nos níveis 1 e 2. Foram realizadas análise descritiva (frequências absolutas e relativas) e associações entre as variáveis e o uso de medicamentos pelo teste de qui-quadrado. As variáveis que se mostraram associadas com o desfecho com nível de significância de 5% no teste de qui-quadrado foram testadas por regressão logística binária. Resultados A prevalência de uso de medicamentos foi de 44,2%, sendo menor no sexo masculino (30,3%) do que no feminino (59,4%). Após a análise ajustada, o uso de medicamentos esteve associado ao sexo feminino, à faixa etária de 40 anos ou mais e à pior autoavaliação do estado de saúde. A prevalência de polifarmácia foi de 6,6%. Os medicamentos mais utilizados foram os anti-hipertensivos (19,3%). Conclusão O estudo evidenciou a importância de se avaliar populações rurais a fim de subsidiar políticas e recursos em saúde pública.

Abstract Background Despite the social vulnerability that exists in the Brazilian rural population, the drug use is a topic still little studied in the country. Objective The present work aims to analyze drug use and its association with sociodemographic, occupational, behavioral, and self-rated health characteristics in farmers. Method A cross-sectional epidemiological study of 790 male and female farmers from 18 to 59 years old, from Santa Maria de Jetibá. The drugs were grouped according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Classification System (ATC) at levels 1 and 2. Descriptive analysis of the data was performed (in absolute and relative frequencies) and associations between study variables and drug use by the chi-square test. The variables that were associated with the outcome with a significance level of 5% in the chi-square test were tested by binary logistic regression. Results The prevalence of drug utilization was 44.2%, being lower in males (30,3%) than in females (59,4%). After adjusted analysis, the drug use was associated with female gender, age 40 years and older and worse self-rated health status. The prevalence of polypharmacy was 6,6%. The most used drugs were antihypertensive (19,3%). Conclusion The study showed the importance of evaluating rural populations to subsidize policies and resources in Public Health.

A saúde do trabalhador na Atenção Primária à Saúde: vivências em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais / Workers' health in primary health care: experiences in a basic health unit in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais

O presente estudo teve como foco a atual relação entre a Saúde do Trabalhador (ST) e a Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS)1no contexto da Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS) Confisco, situada na cidade de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. A relevância da pesquisa está no fato de ainda haver lacunas a ser preenchidas em termos das ações em ST no âmbito dos cuidados primários em saúde, conforme definido pela Política Nacional de Saúde do Trabalhador e da Trabalhadora (PNSTT), de 2012. O objetivo principal foi desvelar a interação entre APS e a ST, evidenciando a importância dessa relação, os avanços e, principalmente, os desafios ainda existentes no desenvolvimento das políticas de proteção à saúde do trabalhador. As informações que sustentam esse estudo foram obtidas em pesquisa transversal qualitativa, cuja metodologia incluiu uma roda de pesquisa on-line com profissionais da UBS e de entrevistas semiestruturadas com os profissionais do Centro de Referência em Saúde do Trabalhador (CEREST) e com usuários da UBS1. Qualificar, então, a assistência aos trabalhadores no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) foi a principal proposta do estudo.

The present study focused on the current relationship between Workers' Health (WH) and Primary Health Care (PHC) in the context of the Basic Unit of Health (UBS)1Confisco, located in the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. The relevance of the research lies in the fact that there are still gaps to be filled in terms of actions in WH in the scope of primary health care, as defined by the National Policy of Workers' Health (PNSTT, inPortuguese) of 2012. The main objective was to discover the interaction between PHC and WH, highlighting the importance of this relationship, advances, and, mainly, the challenges still existing in the development of policies to protect workers' health. The information supporting this study was obtained through qualitative cross-sectional research, whose methodology included an online research wheel with UBS professionals and semi-structured interviews with professionals from the Reference Center in Workers' Health (CEREST) and users of the UBS1. Qualifying, then, the assistance of workers in the Brazilian Unified System of Health (SUS) was the main proposal of the study.

Prevalence and determinants of obesity and abdominal obesity among rural workers in Southeastern Brazil.

The objectives of this study were to assess the nutritional status of rural workers from a municipality in Southeastern Brazil and estimate the association of sociodemographic, labor, lifestyle, and dietary pattern factors with obesity and abdominal obesity of men and women of this rural area. This is a cross-sectional, epidemiological study of 740 farmers (51.5%, n = 381 males; 48.5%, n = 359 females). The sociodemographic, labor, lifestyle and dietary patterns determinants were assessed. Food intake data were obtained by applying three 24-hour recalls and dietary patterns were determined by Principal Component Analysis with Varimax orthogonal rotation. Poisson regression with robust variance stratified by sex was applied. The general prevalence of overweight status was 31.5% (95% CI 28.2-34.8%), 19.7% of obesity (95% CI 16.8-22.6%) and 31.5% of abdominal obesity (95% CI 28.2-34.8%), with higher rates in women (P < 0.001). Men of higher socioeconomic class had a 2.3 times higher prevalence of obesity (95% CI 1.08-4.90). In addition, the shorter travel time to purchase food increased the prevalence of abdominal obesity in males. For women, the older the age group, the greater the general and central obesity. A lower adherence to traditional dietary patterns (approximately PR [prevalence ratio] 1.6 for general obesity and PR 1.3 for abdominal obesity) and a greater number of places to buy food were associated with higher rates of obesity in women. Finally, women farmers with a higher workload had a 20% lower prevalence of central obesity (PR 0.80; 95% CI 0.65-0.97). Such findings demonstrate that obesity must be an issue in the health care of remote and rural populations. There is a need to promote healthier environments that respect traditional food culture through multiple approaches that consider the heterogeneity of rural areas and the differences between sexes.

Depression in Brazilian farmers: prevalence and associated factors.

BACKGROUND: The unique characteristics of rural areas and agricultural work can contribute to the genesis of diseases, including mental disorders such as depression. AIMS: To estimate the prevalence of and factors associated with depression symptoms in Brazilian farmers. METHODS: A cross-sectional epidemiological study involving 784 farmers of the state of Espírito Santo/Brazil was carried out. Depression was identified using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to assess the associated factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of depression symptoms among farmers was 16.8% (n = 132). Of those experiencing symptoms, 6.1% (n = 48) we're currently experiencing a depressive episode, and 10.7% (n = 84) a recurrent depressive episodes. The associated factors were: female gender (OR 1.63; 95% CI 1.04-2.54), not owning the land (OR 1.79; 95% CI 1.11-2.89), professional dissatisfaction (OR 1.99; 95% CI 1.18-3.35), previous pesticide poisoning (OR 2.87; 95% CI 1.45-5.67), complex multimorbidity (OR 1.95; 95% CI 1.15-3.31) and occurrence of previous depressive episodes (OR 9.83; 95% CI 4.39-21.99). CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of depression symptoms was identified among rural workers. Sociodemographic, occupational, clinical, and professional dissatisfaction factors were associated with a higher risk of depression symptoms in this population.

The effects of different body positions on pulmonary function in healthy adults / Os efeitos de diferentes posições corporais na função pulmonar em adultos saudáveis

Abstract Introduction: Pulmonary function testing, or spirometry, is a validated, globally recognized test that contributes to the diagnosis, staging, and longitudinal follow-up of lung diseases. The exam is most often performed in a sitting position in clinical practice; hence, there are no predicted values for its performance in other positions, such as in different decubitus. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of position on pulmonary function test results in healthy adults. Methods: Forty-two healthy adults of both sexes, divided into male (MG) and female groups (FG), were provided respiratory questionnaires. Subsequently, the pulmonary function test was conducted to evaluate the ventilatory parameters of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC ratio in the sitting (S), dorsal decubitus (DD), right lateral decubitus (RLD), and left lateral decubitus (LLD) positions. A comparison of the parametric data was performed via one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey post-hoc tests. Correlations between the S position variables along with the other positions were evaluated using the Pearson test. Results: The mean and standard error for the FVC values of the MG at positions DD (4.3 ± 0.7/L), RLD (4.1 ± 0.6/L) and LLD (4.1 ± 0.6/L) were lower when compared to S (5.05 ± 0.6 L). There was a strong positive correlation between the values of FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC in the S position compared to other positions analyzed in both groups. Conclusion: Body positioning altered the parameters of the pulmonary function test in healthy adults.

Resumo Introdução: A prova de função pulmonar, ou espirometria, é um teste validado e reconhecido mundialmente que contribui para o diagnóstico, estadiamento e acompanhamento longitudinal das doenças pulmonares. O exame é mais frequentemente realizado na posição sentada na prática clínica; portanto, não há valores previstos para seu desempenho em outras posições, como em decúbitos diferentes. Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da posição nos resultados dos testes de função pulmonar em adultos saudáveis. Métodos: Quarenta e dois adultos saudáveis de ambos os sexos, divididos nos grupos masculino (GM) e feminino (GF), receberam questionários respiratórios. Posteriormente, realizou-se o teste de função pulmonar para avaliar os parâmetros ventilatórios de capacidade vital forçada (CVF), volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) e relação VEF1/CVF nas posições sentada (S), decúbito dorsal (DD), decúbito lateral direito (DLD) e decúbito lateral esquerdo (DLE). A comparação dos dados paramétricos foi realizada por meio de análise de variância unidirecional seguida do pós-teste de Tukey. As correlações entre as variáveis da posição S com as demais posições foram avaliadas por meio do teste de Pearson. Resultados: A média e o erro padrão dos valores de CVF do MG nas posições DD (4,3 ± 0,7/L), DLD (4,1 ± 0,6/L) e DLE (4,1 ± 0,6/L) foram menores quando comparados com S (5,05 ± 0,6 L). Houve forte correlação positiva entre os valores de CVF, VEF1 e VEF1/CVF na posição S em relação às demais posições analisadas em ambos os grupos. Conclusão: O posicionamento corporal alterou os parâmetros do teste de função pulmonar em adultos saudáveis.

Cutoff point of TyG index for metabolic syndrome in Brazilian farmers

ABSTRACT Objective: Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the cutoff point of the TyG index for the diagnosis of insulin resistance (IR), according to two different diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome in a rural Brazilian population. Materials and methods: The study population consisted of 790 family farmers from 18 to 59 years old. The triglyceride-glucose index (TyG index) was calculated, and the Metabolic Syndrome was defined using the NCEP-ATPIII and IDF criteria. Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the association of quantitative and qualitative variables. When the qualitative variable had three or more categories, the comparison between the means was performed by the Kruskal-Wallis test (using the Mann-Whitney U Test two by two to identify the differences). For correlations, Spearman's correlation test was used. The cutoff values of TyG index for MetS were obtained using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis with the area under the curve (AUC) and the Youden Index. Results: The median TyG values increased according to the aggregation of the components of MetS. The AUCs and Youden's cutoff point for TyG index according to the NCEP and IDF diagnostic criteria were 0.873, Ln 4.52 (sensitivity: 84.30%; specificity: 75.75%), and 0.867, Ln 4.55 (sensitivity: 80.0%; specificity: 79.82%), respectively. Conclusion: A cutoff point of Ln 4.52 was defined, and it can be used both in clinical practice and epidemiological studies. It represents an important tool for promotion, protection and recovery health of rural populations.

Corrigendum: Association of Selenium Intake and Development of Depression in Brazilian Farmers.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.671377.].

Association of Selenium Intake and Development of Depression in Brazilian Farmers.

Introduction: Depression and deficiency in the consumption of micronutrients are a public health problem, especially in the rural population. The deficiency in selenium consumption affects mental health, contributing to the development of major depressive disorders. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate selenium intake and its association with depressive symptoms in farmers in southeastern Brazil. Material and Methods: Epidemiological, cross-sectional, and analytical study with 736 farmers aged between 18 and 59. A semistructured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic, lifestyle and clinical condition data. For evaluation of food intake, three 24-h recalls were applied, and for identification of depressive episodes, the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview was conducted. Results: A total of 16.1% (n = 119) of the farmers presented symptoms of major depressive episodes, 5.8% (n = 43) presented symptoms of current depressive episodes, and 10.3% (n = 76) presented symptoms of recurrent major depressive episodes. Sociodemographic factors associated with depression were gender (p < 0.001), marital status (p = 0.004), and socioeconomic class (p = 0.015). The consumption of high doses of selenium was associated with a reduction of ~54% in the chances of occurrence of depression (OR = 0.461; 95% CI = 0.236-0.901). Conclusion: High selenium intake is associated with a lower prevalence of depression even after adjusting for sociodemographic variables, lifestyle, and pesticide intoxication. The findings of this study contributed to highlighting the high prevalence of depression in rural areas and its relationship with selenium intake.

Estudo de série histórica de casos de tuberculose entre 1999 e 2015, em Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil / Study of historical series of tuberculosis cases between 1999 and 2015, in Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Resumo Introdução A tuberculose, caracterizada pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) como emergência sanitária mundial, é uma doença de impacto global. Objetivo Realizar série histórica de casos de tuberculose em um período de 17 anos em Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, considerando a histórica relação da doença com a mineração. Método Dados foram obtidos em sistema próprio de registros do município, por busca ativa em prontuários médicos e comparados à quantidade de casos notificados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Para análises de tendência, foram utilizados modelos de regressão polinomial para séries históricas. Resultados Idade média dos casos foi 40,3 ± 16,4 anos. Homens apresentaram 2,23 vezes mais casos e chance 2,07 vezes maior para desfechos negativos. A forma mais observada foi pulmonar (84%), e sorologia para HIV foi realizada em apenas 16,3% dos registros. Principal desfecho observado foi cura (70%), e desfechos negativos totalizaram 20,2% dos registros. Taxa de incidência média foi 29,76 e 16,23 casos/100 mil habitantes na área municipal e distrital, respectivamente. Conclusão Apesar da relação histórica entre mineração e tuberculose no município, observa-se que este ainda apresenta preocupantes vulnerabilidades em relação à vigilância da doença. Análise de série temporal sugeriu declínio na proporção de casos curados entre 2009 e 2015.

Abstract Background Tuberculosis, characterized by the World Health Organization as a global health emergency, is a disease of global impact. Objective To investigate a series of tuberculosis cases during 17 years in Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil, considering the historic relationship between mining and the disease. Method Data was obtained through the city's system of tuberculosis notifications, plus active search through medical records, and compared to the amount of notified cases present in the System of Information of Notifications Complications. For trend analysis, polynomial regression models were used for the historic series. Results The average age was 40.3 ± 16.4 years old. Men showed 2.23 times more cases and chances (odds ratio) of 2.07 times higher for negative outcomes. The most observed form was lung (85%) and HIV serology was performed in only 16.3% of the logs. The main observed outcome was a cure (70%) and negative outcomes accounted for 20.2% of the logs. The average incidence rate was 29.76 and 16.23 cases/100 thousand inhabitants in the city and district zones, respectively. Conclusion Despite the historical relationship between mining and tuberculosis in the municipality, it is observed that the same still presents worrying vulnerabilities about disease surveillance, temporal series analysis suggested a decline in the proportion of cases cured between 2009 and 2015.

Energy contribution of NOVA food groups and the nutritional profile of the Brazilian rural workers' diets.

We estimated the caloric contribution of minimally processed foods, processed culinary ingredients, processed foods and ultra-processed foods in Brazilian farmers' diets and their association with the nutritional profile of the diet. It is an epidemiological study of cross-sectional, analytical and quantitative design with 740 farmers adults of Southeastern Brazil. Food intake data were obtained by applying three 24-hour recalls and were classified according to the degree and purpose of processing. The largest caloric contribution came from the group of minimally processed foods (64.7%), followed by ultra-processed foods (17.7%), processed culinary ingredients (12.4%), and processed foods (5.2%). Individuals in the fourth quartile of caloric contribution from minimally processed foods showed lower energy consumption (ß -0.16, P<0.001) and greater consumption of all 15 micronutrients analyzed. In contrast to what was identified for this food group, the higher caloric contribution from ultra-processed foods was associated with a greater caloric content of the diet (ß 0.17, P<0.001) and lower consumption of all 23 analyzed nutrients. Therefore, the caloric contribution from the consumption of ultra-processed foods in the rural area is still lower than the national average. However, measures aimed at delaying isocaloric exchanges for the group of ultra-processed foods must be carried out, maintaining the local food culture, since this group had worse nutritional levels. In addition, incentives to the greater consumption of minimally processed foods should be carried out, due to their nutritional quality.

Fatores de risco cardiovascular em uma população rural brasileira / Cardiovascular risk factors in a Brazilian rural population

Resumo Diante da extensão dos custos decorrentes das doenças cardiovasculares e do aumento na prevalência dessas doenças em agricultores este estudo tem como objetivo estimar a prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular nesta população e avaliar seus fatores associados. Foi realizado estudo transversal envolvendo 790 agricultores do município de Santa Maria de Jetibá-ES. Seis em cada dez agricultores avaliados apresentaram pelo menos um fator de risco cardiovascular (FRC). A hipertensão arterial foi o fator de risco mais prevalente, presente em 35,8% (IC95% 32-39, n=283) dos agricultores seguido pela dislipidemia (34,4%, IC95% 31-38, n = 272). Ter mais que 50 anos aumentou em 5,6 vezes (IC95% 2,03-15,43) a chance de apresentar dois ou mais FRC, possuir perímetro da cintura elevado ou dobra cutânea triciptal indicando excesso de peso aumentou esta chance em 2,35 vezes (IC95% 1,47-3,76) e em 1,6 vezes (IC95% 1,05-2,44), respectivamente. Estes achados revelam a elevada prevalência de FRC em trabalhadores rurais e o significativo impacto da idade e do acúmulo de gordura corporal no desenvolvimento destes fatores, demonstrando a necessidade de intensificar políticas públicas de saúde voltadas para esta população.

Abstract Given the extensive costs due to cardiovascular diseases and the increased prevalence of these diseases in farmers, this study aims to estimate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in this population and to evaluate their associated factors. A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 790 farmers from the municipality of Santa Maria de Jetibá-ES, Brazil. Six out of ten evaluated farmers had at least one cardiovascular risk factor (CRF). High blood pressure was the most prevalent risk factor in 35.8% (95%CI 32-39, n = 283) followed by dyslipidemia (34.4%, 95%CI 31-38, n = 272). Those aged more than 50 years were 5.6 times (95%CI 2.03-15.43) more likely to evidence two or more CRFs. High waist circumference or tricipital skinfold indicating overweight increased 2.35 times (95%CI 1.47-3.76) and 1.6 times (95%CI 1.05-2.44) this likelihood, respectively. These findings reveal the high prevalence of CRF in rural workers and the significant impact of age and the accumulation of body fat in the development of these factors, showing the need to intensify public health policies geared to this population.

Cardiovascular risk factors in a Brazilian rural population. / Fatores de risco cardiovascular em uma população rural brasileira.

Given the extensive costs due to cardiovascular diseases and the increased prevalence of these diseases in farmers, this study aims to estimate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in this population and to evaluate their associated factors. A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 790 farmers from the municipality of Santa Maria de Jetibá-ES, Brazil. Six out of ten evaluated farmers had at least one cardiovascular risk factor (CRF). High blood pressure was the most prevalent risk factor in 35.8% (95%CI 32-39, n = 283) followed by dyslipidemia (34.4%, 95%CI 31-38, n = 272). Those aged more than 50 years were 5.6 times (95%CI 2.03-15.43) more likely to evidence two or more CRFs. High waist circumference or tricipital skinfold indicating overweight increased 2.35 times (95%CI 1.47-3.76) and 1.6 times (95%CI 1.05-2.44) this likelihood, respectively. These findings reveal the high prevalence of CRF in rural workers and the significant impact of age and the accumulation of body fat in the development of these factors, showing the need to intensify public health policies geared to this population.

Diante da extensão dos custos decorrentes das doenças cardiovasculares e do aumento na prevalência dessas doenças em agricultores este estudo tem como objetivo estimar a prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular nesta população e avaliar seus fatores associados. Foi realizado estudo transversal envolvendo 790 agricultores do município de Santa Maria de Jetibá-ES. Seis em cada dez agricultores avaliados apresentaram pelo menos um fator de risco cardiovascular (FRC). A hipertensão arterial foi o fator de risco mais prevalente, presente em 35,8% (IC95% 32-39, n=283) dos agricultores seguido pela dislipidemia (34,4%, IC95% 31-38, n = 272). Ter mais que 50 anos aumentou em 5,6 vezes (IC95% 2,03-15,43) a chance de apresentar dois ou mais FRC, possuir perímetro da cintura elevado ou dobra cutânea triciptal indicando excesso de peso aumentou esta chance em 2,35 vezes (IC95% 1,47-3,76) e em 1,6 vezes (IC95% 1,05-2,44), respectivamente. Estes achados revelam a elevada prevalência de FRC em trabalhadores rurais e o significativo impacto da idade e do acúmulo de gordura corporal no desenvolvimento destes fatores, demonstrando a necessidade de intensificar políticas públicas de saúde voltadas para esta população.

Prevalence and factors associated with arterial hypertension in a Brazilian rural working population.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of hypertension and associated factors in farmers in a rural region of Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving a sample of 790 farmers who were residents of Espírito Santo, Brazil. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension was 35.8% (95%CI: 32.5-39.1%, n=283); however, it was higher in men (36.6%, n=151, p<0.001) and in those with excess weight (48.9%, n=197, p<0.001). Of the 283 hypertensive patients, 125 (44.2%) did not use antihypertensive drugs. In men, lower level of schooling (p=0.004), working in the field for fewer daily hours (p<0.001), and having greater abdominal adiposity (p=0.039) were associated with the presence of increased blood pressure. In women, age (p=0.002), lower schooling (p=0.021), and increased central adiposity (p=0.003) were independent predictors of blood pressure. CONCLUSION: The highest prevalence of hypertension was observed in men, with elevated blood pressure being strongly associated with social and economic factors. In women, the association with the classic factors (age, increase in abdominal adiposity, and low schooling) was stronger. In addition, most hypertensive patients are not adequately diagnosed or treated.

Prevalence and factors associated with arterial hypertension in a Brazilian rural working population

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of hypertension and associated factors in farmers in a rural region of Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving a sample of 790 farmers who were residents of Espírito Santo, Brazil. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension was 35.8% (95%CI: 32.5-39.1%, n=283); however, it was higher in men (36.6%, n=151, p<0.001) and in those with excess weight (48.9%, n=197, p<0.001). Of the 283 hypertensive patients, 125 (44.2%) did not use antihypertensive drugs. In men, lower level of schooling (p=0.004), working in the field for fewer daily hours (p<0.001), and having greater abdominal adiposity (p=0.039) were associated with the presence of increased blood pressure. In women, age (p=0.002), lower schooling (p=0.021), and increased central adiposity (p=0.003) were independent predictors of blood pressure. CONCLUSION: The highest prevalence of hypertension was observed in men, with elevated blood pressure being strongly associated with social and economic factors. In women, the association with the classic factors (age, increase in abdominal adiposity, and low schooling) was stronger. In addition, most hypertensive patients are not adequately diagnosed or treated.

Multimorbidity and complex multimorbidity in Brazilian rural workers.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of multimorbidity and complex multimorbidity in rural workers and their association with sociodemographic characteristics, occupational contact with pesticides, lifestyle and clinical condition. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional epidemiological study with 806 farmers from the main agricultural municipality of the state of Espírito Santo/Brazil, conducted from December 2016 to April 2017. Multimorbidity was defined as the presence of two or more chronic diseases in the same individual, while complex multimorbidity was classified as the occurrence of three or more chronic conditions affecting three or more body systems. Socio-demographic data, occupational contact with pesticides, lifestyle data and clinical condition data were collected through a structured questionnaire. Binary logistic regression was conducted to identify risk factors for multimorbidity. RESULTS: The prevalence of multimorbidity among farmers was 41.5% (n = 328), and complex multimorbidity was 16.7% (n = 132). More than 77% of farmers had at least one chronic illness. Hypertension, dyslipidemia and depression were the most prevalent morbidities. Being 40 years or older (OR 3.33, 95% CI 2.06-5.39), previous medical diagnosis of pesticide poisoning (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.03-3.44), high waist circumference (OR 2.82, CI 95% 1.98-4.02) and worse health self-assessment (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.52-2.91) significantly increased the chances of multimorbidity. The same associations were found for the diagnosis of complex multimorbidity. CONCLUSION: We identified a high prevalence of multimorbidity and complex multimorbidity among the evaluated farmers. These results were associated with increased age, abdominal fat, pesticide poisoning, and poor or fair health self-assessment. Public policies are necessary to prevent, control and treat this condition in this population.

Exposição occupacional a agrotóxicos, riscos e práticas de segurança na agricultura familiar em município do Espírito Santo, Brasil / Occupational exposure to pesticides, risks and safety practices in family farming in a municipality of Espírito Santo, Brazil

Objetivo: caracterizar a exposição ocupacional, percepção do risco, práticas de segurança e fatores associados ao uso de equipamento de proteção individual (EPI) durante a manipulação de agrotóxicos. Métodos: estudo transversal com amostra representativa de agricultores de Santa Maria de Jetibá, Espírito Santo. Procedeu-se à caracterização sociodemográfica e ocupacional dos agricultores com exposição direta a agrotóxicos e a identificação dos ingredientes ativos e classificação toxicológica dos produtos utilizados. Resultados: foram referidas 106 marcas comerciais, 45 grupos químicos e 77 ingredientes ativos. Houve predomínio do herbicida glifosato. Dos 550 agricultores avaliados 89% referiram uso de agrotóxicos extremamente tóxicos, 56,3% utilizavam mais de cinco agrotóxicos e 51% trabalhavam há mais de 20 anos em contato direto com estes produtos. Metade não lia rótulo dos agrotóxicos, mais de um terço não observava o tempo de carência para colheita e reaplicação e nem o de reentrada na lavoura; 71,4% não utilizavam EPI ou utilizavam de forma incompleta. Entre os fatores associados à não utilização do EPI, destaca-se a classe socioeconômica (p = 0,002), baixa escolaridade (p = 0,05), falta de suporte técnico (p < 0,001) e não leitura dos rótulos (p < 0,001). Conclusão: os agricultores apresentaram exposição ocupacional prolongada a múltiplos agrotóxicos de elevada toxidade, referindo práticas inseguras de manuseio.

Objective: to characterize occupational exposure, risk perception, safety practices and factors associated with the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) during pesticide handling. Methods: cross-sectional study with a representative sample of farmers from Santa Maria de Jetibá, Espírito Santo, Brazil. We collected sociodemographic and occupational data of farmers directly exposed to pesticides and identified the active ingredients and toxicological classification of the pesticides used. Results: 106 trademarks, 45 chemical groups and 77 active ingredients were identified. There was a predominance of the herbicide glyphosate. Of the 550 farmers evaluated, 89% reported using extremely toxic pesticides, 56.3% used more than five different agrochemicals, and 51% worked for over 20 years in direct contact with these products. Half of them did not read the label, more than a third did not observe the pre-harvest, reapplication, or reentry intervals; 71.4% used incomplete PPE or none. Factors associated with non-use of PPE include socioeconomic class (p = 0.002), low educational level (p = 0.05), lack of technical support (p < 0.001) and non-reading of labels (p < 0.001). Conclusion: farmers have prolonged occupational exposure to multiple high toxicity pesticides, referring to unsafe handling practices.

Pênfigo Foliáceo Endêmico (Fogo Selvagem) e sua associação com fatores ambientais e ocupacionais em Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil / Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus (Fogo Selvagem) and its association with environmental and occupational factors in Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Resumo Pênfigo compreende grupo de doenças bolhosas autoimunes que possuem tendência à progressão, com evolução ilimitada e crônica e com prognóstico potencialmente fatal. O tipo mais comum é o Pênfigo Foliáceo Endêmico (PFE), caracterizado pela presença de lesões cutâneas com formação de bolhas na face, no couro cabeludo e na região interescapular. Fatores de ordem ambiental, genéticos e imunológicos podem desencadear a enfermidade. Entre os fatores ambientais, exposição a mercúrio, poeiras minerais e a picada do mosquito Simulium nigrimanum devem ser considerados. Buscou-se, neste artigo, relatar a ocorrência do PFE entre a população de Antônio Pereira, distrito rural de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, bem como identificar possíveis associações da doença com fatores ocupacionais e ambientais locais. Foi constatada uma prevalência de 4,57 casos de PFE/1.000 habitantes, considerada bastante elevada. Observou-se associação estatística entre a doença e contato com barragem de rejeitos de mineração (p = 0,048) e exposição ao mercúrio (p = 0,008). Os resultados indicam a necessidade de vigilância epidemiológica eficaz das comunidades afetadas, assim como adequada assistência à saúde dos pacientes acometidos pela doença.

Abstract Pemphigus comprises a group of autoimmune bullous diseases, which have a tendency of progression, with unlimited and chronic development and with a potentially to fatal disease prognosis. The most common type is the Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus (EPF), characterized by the presence of skin lesions with blistering located on the face, scalp and interscapular region. Environmental, genetic and immunological factors may trigger the disease. Among the environmental factors, exposure to mercury, mineral dust and Simulium nigrimanum mosquitoes bite should be considered. Sought to, in this article, it is reported the occurrence of PFE among the population of Antonio Pereira, rural district of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, and identify their possible association with occupational and environmental local factors. A prevalence of 4.57 cases of EPF/1.000 inhabitants, considered high was found. There was association between the disease and contact with dam tailings mining (p=0.048); and exposure to mercury (p=0.008). The results indicate the need for effective surveillance of the affected communities, as well as adequate health care of patients affected by the disease.

Atuação de nutricionistas responsáveis técnicos pela alimentação escolar de municípios de Minas Gerais e Espírito Santo / Actions of nutritionists as the technicians responsible for school food in municipalities in the states of Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo

Resumo O nutricionista é responsável pela promoção da segurança alimentar e nutricional na alimentação escolar, contribuindo para a construção de práticas alimentares saudáveis. Neste estudo buscou-se conhecer a atuação de nutricionistas responsáveis técnicos da alimentação escolar em municípios de Minas Gerais e Espírito Santo. Foi realizado estudo de corte transversal com participação de 77 nutricionistas, incluindo análises descritivas; univariadas e análises de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Constatou-se o descumprimento pela maioria dos nutricionistas de diversas atribuições essenciais do programa, previstas em Lei, como produção do plano anual de trabalho, análise da composição nutricional de cardápios, elaboração de fichas técnicas de preparação, utilização do Manual de Boas Práticas de Fabricação e realização do teste de aceitabilidade. Os modelos de regressão mostraram que nutricionistas que desenvolviam plano de trabalho, avaliação nutricional e teste de aceitabilidade apresentaram maior ocorrência de realização de ações de Educação Alimentar e Nutricional. Ressalta-se necessidade imediata de adequação dos municípios à legislação vigente e implementação de ações corretivas.

Abstract The nutritionist is responsible for promoting eating and nutritional security in school food, thereby contributing to the adoption of healthy eating habits. The scope of this study was to assess the actions of nutritionists as the technicians responsible for school food in the states of Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo. A cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of 77 nutritionists, and included descriptive, univariate, multivariate and Poisson regression analysis with robust variance. The results revealed non-compliance by the majority of nutritionists with various fundamental attributions of the program as required by law. These include the compilation of the annual work plan, analysis of the nutritional composition of menus, elaboration of technical procedures for food preparation, use of the Good Preparation Practices Manual and conducting the test of acceptability. The regression models showed that nutritionists who prepared a work plan, performed nutritional assessment and conducted tests of acceptability, perform more Food and Nutrition Education actions. These findings highlight the urgent need to bring the municipalities into line with prevailing legislation and implement corrective actions.